Cannabinoids are compounds that occur naturally in cannabis sativa plants. They act as neurotransmitters and interact with the cannabinoid receptors we all -both humans and animals- have in our endocannabinoid system
They produce different effects, ranging from pain reduction to increased appetite and relaxation...
Each cannabinoid produces slightly different effects.
There are about 150 of them, but not all have been studied as much as CBD, THC, or to a lesser extent CBG and HHC.
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is responsible for the psychoactive effects associated with cannabis consumption, but it has potentially interesting medicinal properties.
Cannabidiol (CBD) does not produce psychoactive effects, but may have medicinal properties by acting on anxiety and inflammation, as do CBG, CBC or HHC.
Cannabinoid or Phytocannabinoid: What's the Difference?
"Phyto-" means "plant-derived", so the term "phytocannabinoid" specifically refers to cannabinoids of plant origin, primarily those found in Cannabis plants, but not limited to them. Cannabis naturally produces phytocannabinoids like THC, CBD, CBG, CBC, etc.
Other plants may contain compounds that interact with cannabinoid receptors. However, these compounds are not necessarily called phytocannabinoids, but rather "cannabimimetics," as they mimic the effects of cannabinoids.
In summary, all phytocannabinoids are cannabinoids, but not all cannabinoids are necessarily phytocannabinoids.
The term "phytocannabinoid" emphasizes the plant origin of these compounds, while "cannabinoid" is broader and encompasses plant-derived, animal-derived, and synthetic compounds that act on the cannabinoid receptors of the endocannabinoid system we all possess.
The main cannabinoids
Discovered more than 50 years ago, cannabichromene (CBC) is considered one of the main six cannabinoids studied in medical research. It does not receive as much attention as CBD and THC, but its potential medicinal properties are extremely promising.
CBC acts as a neurotransmitter in the endocannabinoid system, it may have effects on pain, inflammation, anxiety and other brain functions. Although less well known than THC and CBD, CBC is considered a promising cannabinoid for its potential medicinal properties, however, more research is needed to fully evaluate its effects and potential use in the treatment of various health problems.
The legality of CBC depends on the legislation in force in each country and state. As with other cannabis-derived cannabinoids, the legality of CBC can vary considerably. As CBC is a relatively recent discovery, it may not be explicitly mentioned in existing regulations. It is essential to find out about local laws before buying or consuming products containing CBC products.
Cannabidiol, an organic compound of the cannabinoid family, was discovered in 1940 by a team of chemists who were studying hemp at the University of Illinois.
Nowadays, cannabidiol is the 2nd most studied cannabinoid studied for its potential therapeutic effects. Studies have shown that it can act on pain receptors, as well as on the receptors responsible for the production of serotonin, the happiness hormone.
CBD is a non-psychoactive compound found in the cannabis plant. It is the second most abundant cannabinoid after THC, but unlike it, CBD does not produce the high associated with cannabis consumption. Instead, it has been touted for its potential therapeutic benefits and its effects on a wide range of medical conditions which are being studied. CBD interacts with the endocannabinoid system and its anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anxiolytic properties have been demonstrated. Some preliminary studies have suggested that CBD may be a potentially interesting treatment for conditions such as anxiety, depression and epilepsy, although further research is needed to fully understand its effects and determine the optimal dosage and method of administration.
CBD can be consumed in a variety of forms, including oil, tinctures, capsules and topical creams, and is widely available as a dietary supplement in many countries.
The legality of CBD depends on the legislation in force in each country and state. As with other cannabis-derived cannabinoids, the legality of CBD can vary considerably. As CBD is a relatively recent discovery, it may not be explicitly mentioned in existing regulations. It is essential to find out about local laws before buying or consuming products containing CBD products.
CBDA, or cannabidiolic acid, is a compound naturally present in cannabis plants. It is considered to be the precursor of cannabidiol (CBD), a cannabinoid well-known for its therapeutic properties. CBDA is formed in cannabis plants through an enzymatic process in which cannabigerol (CBG) is converted into CBDA.
Unlike CBD, CBDA is present in greater quantities in fresh, unheated cannabis. CBDA is often considered to have potential anti-inflammatory, anti-nausea, anxiolytic and analgesic properties. Some research also suggests that CBDA may support immune system health and help relieve the symptoms of certain medical conditions, although further studies are needed to confirm these potential benefits.
CBDA is often used in cannabis-based health and wellness products. It is usually extracted from fresh cannabis plants and can be processed into different forms, such as oils, capsules or topicals. CBDA is also being studied for its potential in gastrointestinal disorders, anxiety, inflammation and pain.
The legality of CBDA depends on the legislation in force in each country and state. As with other cannabis-derived cannabinoids, the legality of CBDA can vary considerably. As CBDA is a relatively recent discovery, it may not be explicitly mentioned in existing regulations. It is essential to find out about local laws before buying or consuming products containing CBDA products.
Cannabidivarin is a precursor to CBD, heat CBDV and you’ll get CBD! It is a non-psychotropic cannabinoid that is not yet well studied, however, preliminary studies suggest that it may have anti-epileptic and anti-anxiety properties, and may be of interest in neurological disorders and pain management, but more research is needed to establish these effects with certainty. In addition, CBDV has also been studied for its potential as an anti-nauseant and for its positive effect on autism spectrum disorder.
In addition, some research suggests that cannabidivarin could make certain nerve cells less active – cells involved in inflammation, convulsions, pain and other conditions. By making these cells less active, cannabidivarin could improve the daily lives of sufferers.
The legality of CBDV depends on the legislation in force in each country and state. As with other cannabis-derived cannabinoids, the legality of CBDV can vary considerably. As CBDV is a relatively recent discovery, it may not be explicitly mentioned in existing regulations. It is essential to find out about local laws before buying or consuming products containing CBDV products.
Cannabigerol (CBG) is a minor cannabinoid that is not as well known or studied as CBD and THC, but is thought to have potentially interesting therapeutic properties.
For example, CBG has been shown to interact with the endocannabinoid system and to be an antagonist of the CB1 receptor, which means that it can block the psychoactive effects of THC. CBG has also been shown to have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, and may have potential as an appetite stimulant and to treat glaucoma. Some studies have suggested that CBG may have neuroprotective properties and be useful in the treatment of diseases such as Huntington’s disease. Although more research is needed to fully understand the potential effects and benefits of CBG, it is considered promising.
The legality of CBG depends on the legislation in force in each country and state. As with other cannabis-derived cannabinoids, the legality of CBG can vary considerably. As CBG is a relatively recent discovery, it may not be explicitly mentioned in existing regulations. It is essential to find out about local laws before buying or consuming products containing CBG products.
Cannabinol (CBN) is a cannabinoid found in cannabis plants, but unlike THC, it has no particular psychoactive effects and does not cause euphoria. Instead, CBN is known for its sedative properties and for helping people fall asleep.
THC turns into CBN after being exposed to oxygen and light for a long time, which leads to oxidation. CBN is often found in large quantities in aged or poorly websited cannabis flowers.
Apart from its sedative properties, some studies have suggested that CBN may have an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect, as well as a potential to help reduce intraocular pressure in people with glaucoma. It may also help regulate sleep and relieve insomnia.
As an analogue of THC, CBN can have psychoactive effects, although these are much milder than those of THC. CBN’s effects are also more sedating, making it a popular choice for those seeking anxiety relief and relaxation. However, it is important to note that CBN can interact with other medications, so it is recommended that a doctor be consulted before using it, as with other cannabinoids.
The legality of CBN depends on the legislation in force in each country and state. As with other cannabis-derived cannabinoids, the legality of CBN can vary considerably. As CBN is a relatively recent discovery, it may not be explicitly mentioned in existing regulations. It is essential to find out about local laws before buying or consuming products containing CBN products.
The effects of hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) ranges between those of CBD and THC, with moderate psychoactive effects. Unlike THC, excessive consumption of good quality HHC does not cause anxiety or paranoia.
A simple search for ‚HHC‘ on the internet yields conflicting information about its legal status and effects on the body and mind. HHC was first discovered in 1944 by American chemist Roger Adams through a process called hydrogenation, which involves adding hydrogen molecules to delta-9 THC. This process is not only used in the production of cannabinoids, but also in the food industry, such as in the conversion of vegetable oil to margarine.
The process of hydrogenation involves combining a cannabis extract with hydrogen gas in a pressurized container. As a result of the hydrogen, the carbon double bonds of the cannabinoids break down naturally, resulting in the creation of a golden-colored oil.
Adams originally derived HHC from conventional THC extracted from hemp, but nowadays, the molecule is usually obtained from plants that have low THC content and higher CBD content.
HHC is more deeply relaxing than CBD, and it is may have anxyolitic, anti-depressive and pain-relieving properties. If you click on the link in the previous sentence, you will see that there are 1680 results on Google Scholar concerning this cannabinoid, so there is a certain amount of hindsight and it is not for nothing that this cannabinoid is on the market. There have never been any problems in the Czech Republic, where it has been available for some time. You might not try this cannabinoid if you have never used CBD, and especially THC. However, if you want to cut down, stop or take a break from THC, this cannabinoid can help you.
Unlike HHC, HHC-O does not occur naturally in cannabis plants, it must be made using acetic anhydride which will convert HHC to HHC-O.
Its effects come on less quickly than those of HHC, but once they arrive they will be 1.5 to 2 times stronger than those of HHC, and they will last longer. It has the same properties and effects as HHC, but more powerful and longer lasting.
In short, HHCP is hydrogenated THC produced from CBD in laboratories.
HHCP has the same effects and properties as HHC and HHC-O, but those are more powerful and longer lasting.
Delta-8-THC has gained popularity for its milder psychoactive properties compared to Delta-9 THC. It is known to produce a more subtle high, often described as a relaxed and clear-headed experience. Some users claim that Delta-8 THC provides a smoother and less anxious high, making it an appealing choice for those who want the benefits of THC with reduced intensity.
Delta-8-THC is often described as a cannabinoid offering milder, clearer effects than Delta 9 THC. Users generally report a less intense psychotropic experience, which may be preferable for those seeking to avoid the anxiety-provoking or paranoid effects often associated with cannabis high in Delta 9 THC. In addition, Delta 8 THC can offer relaxing effects, relieve stress and promote a general sense of well-being, as evidenced by the 36,000 studies found on Google Scholar.
The legality of Δ-8-THC depends on the legislation in force in each country and state. As with other cannabis-derived cannabinoids, the legality of Δ-8-THC can vary considerably. As Δ-8-THC is a relatively recent discovery, it may not be explicitly mentioned in existing regulations. It is essential to find out about local laws before buying or consuming products containing Δ-8-THC products.
Delta-9 THC is the most well-known and abundant psychoactive cannabinoid in cannabis. It is responsible for the typical „high“ associated with marijuana use. When consumed, Delta-9 THC binds to endocannabinoid receptors, altering neurotransmitter release and producing various psychoactive effects. It was discovered by Raphael Mechoulam and Yechiel Gaoni in Israel in 1964.
The effects of Delta-9 THC can vary from person to person, but common experiences include euphoria, relaxation, altered perception of time, increased appetite, and potential feelings of anxiety or paranoia in some individuals. It is important to note that the effects of Delta-9 THC can be influenced by factors such as dosage, individual tolerance, and the strain of cannabis consumed.
THC is most commonly used for medicinal and recreational purposes, although its use is prohibited or regulated by law in many countries. Some research suggests that THC may have therapeutic potential for a number of medical problems, including pain, nausea and muscle spasms.
The legality of Δ-9-THC depends on the legislation in force in each country and state. As with other cannabis-derived cannabinoids, the legality of Δ-9-THC can vary considerably. As Δ-9-THC is a relatively recent discovery, it may not be explicitly mentioned in existing regulations. It is essential to find out about local laws before buying or consuming products containing Δ-9-THC products.
Delta-10 THC is another minor cannabinoid found in cannabis, but it is much less prevalent compared to Delta-8 and Delta-9 THC. It shares a similar chemical structure with both Delta-8 and Delta-9 THC, differing by the placement of a double bond on the tenth carbon atom.
Delta-10 THC has gained attention more recently, and research on its effects is still limited. Users report varying experiences, but it is generally believed to have psychoactive properties similar to Delta-8 and Delta-9 THC. However, more research is needed to understand its specific effects and potential benefits.
Delta 10 THC is often described as a cannabinoid offering energizing and stimulating effects. Users generally report more cerebral and less sedative effects than Delta 9 THC. Some claim that Delta 10 THC can offer increased mental clarity and motivation, as well as mood enhancement. However, due to the lack of in-depth studies, information on its effects is still limited and subject to individual variation.
The legality of Δ-10-THC depends on the legislation in force in each country and state. As with other cannabis-derived cannabinoids, the legality of Δ-10-THC can vary considerably. As Δ-10-THC is a relatively recent discovery, it may not be explicitly mentioned in existing regulations. It is essential to find out about local laws before buying or consuming products containing Δ-10-THC products.
Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabutol (THC-B) is one of the 120 cannabinoids naturally present in cannabis plants. THC-B is a trace cannabinoid that was first discovered in late 2019. It was discovered at the same time as tetrahydrocannabiphorol (THC-P) by a team of Italian researchers analyzing the chemical composition of the hemp plant using liquid chromatography.
THC-B is often described as having powerful and potentially different effects from other cannabinoids. Although research on THC-B is still limited, some users report clearer and more focused effects on the body. It is also suggested that THC-B may have analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, although more studies are needed to fully understand its effects.
The legality of Δ-9-THCB depends on the legislation in force in each country and state. As with other cannabis-derived cannabinoids, the legality of Δ-9-THCB can vary considerably. As Δ-9-THCB is a relatively recent discovery, it may not be explicitly mentioned in existing regulations. It is essential to find out about local laws before buying or consuming products containing Δ-9-THCB products.
THC-O, also known as tetrahydrocannabinol-O-acetate, is a synthetic cannabinoid derived from cannabis. It is manufactured by chemically modifying Delta 9 THC, the main psychoactive compound in cannabis. THC-O is structurally similar to Delta 9 THC, but may have different properties and effects due to its modified molecular structure.
THC-O is considered to be one of the most potent cannabinoids available, with potentially more intense psychoactive effects than Delta 9 THC. Users often report pronounced euphoric and psychedelic effects after consuming THC-O. However, due to its potency, it is important to exercise caution and start with low doses to assess tolerance and individual reactions.
The legality of THC-O depends on the legislation in force in each country and state. As with other cannabis-derived cannabinoids, the legality of THC-O can vary considerably. As THC-O is a relatively recent discovery, it may not be explicitly mentioned in existing regulations. It is essential to find out about local laws before buying or consuming products containing THC-O products.
The legality of THCP depends on the legislation in force in each country and state. As with other cannabis-derived cannabinoids, the legality of THCP can vary considerably. As THCP is a relatively recent discovery, it may not be explicitly mentioned in existing regulations. It is essential to find out about local laws before buying or consuming products containing THCP products.
Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) is a cannabinoid found naturally in certain varieties of cannabis. It is distinguished by its unique molecular structure, which differs from that of the more common tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
THCV has attracted growing interest because of its potential effects on the human body. Although research into THCV is still limited, some studies suggest that it may have different properties to other cannabinoids and could offer a range of health benefits.
THCV is thought to have modulatory effects on cannabinoid receptors in the brain, which may influence various physiological aspects. For example, some research has suggested that THCV may have suppressive effects on appetite, making it a potential candidate for weight management and eating disorders. In addition, preliminary studies suggest that THCV may play a role in regulating carbohydrate metabolism and controlling blood sugar levels, which could have implications for people with type 2 diabetes.
The legality of THCV depends on the legislation in force in each country and state. As with other cannabis-derived cannabinoids, the legality of THCV can vary considerably. As THCV is a relatively recent discovery, it may not be explicitly mentioned in existing regulations. It is essential to find out about local laws before buying or consuming products containing THCV products.
The endocannabinoid system
The endocannabinoid system is a complex network of receptors (CB1 and CB2) and molecules responsible for regulating various physiological processes, including pain, mood, appetite and immune function.
Understanding the interaction between cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system is essential to fully exploit the therapeutic potential of medical cannabis. So here's a summary of what we're hearing more and more about this system.
The endocannabinoid system is a complex cell signalling system present in organisms and animals.
It plays a role in regulating various physiological processes such as appetite, pain sensation, mood and memory. It is made up of endocannabinoids, neurotransmitters produced naturally by the body, and their receptors, which are found on the surface of the body's cells.
The endocannabinoid system acts to maintain the body's equilibrium, contributing to the proper functioning of various functions. It interacts with the body's other systems, notably the nervous and immune systems, to maintain the body in a state of homeostasis.
Homeostasis is the concept in biology that describes an organism's ability to maintain a stable and constant state of its internal environment, despite fluctuations in its external environment.
A deregulation of the endocannabinoid system has been observed in people suffering from medical conditions such as chronic pain, anxiety, depression and addiction.
Endocannabinoid receptors are proteins located on the surface of cells. A reaction occurs when they are exposed to endogenous cannabinoids, such as anandamide.
Anandamide is a neurotransmitter naturally present in the bodies of humans and animals. It is part of the endocannabinoid system, and is produced and metabolised by the body to help regulate functions such as pain, mood, appetite and memory.
Anandamide has been shown to have effects similar to those of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive component of cannabis, as well as other exogenous cannabinoids. However, its effects are generally much weaker and shorter-lasting.
There are two known types of endocannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, each with different distributions and functions.
CB1 receptors are found mainly in the central nervous system and are involved in regulating pain, memory, mood and appetite, among other functions.
CB2 receptors are found mainly in immune cells and are involved in regulating inflammation and the immune response.
It is important to note that cannabis is still considered an illegal drug in many countries, and its use for medicinal purposes can be regulated differently. It is important to consult a healthcare professional before starting to use cannabis or cannabis-based products for medicinal purposes.